Anglais = grammaire
Consolidez vos bases en anglais sans stress
- Objectif : consolider et développer vos bases en anglais courant pour mieux comprendre et être compris lorsque vous vous exprimez tant à l’oral qu’à l’écrit.
- Langue : anglais
- Public : tous
- Niveau : A1/B1
Reprenons quelques notions de grammaire essentielles à votre communication en anglais sans stress
Ces leçons immersives sont ultra courtes et destinées à rafraîchir vos acquis.
Pour une meilleure mémorisation, pensez à toujours lire les informations et exemples à voix haute plusieurs fois et à mettre ces structures en pratique immédiatement dans de petites phrases ou textes adaptés à votre quotidien. Si vous êtes inscrits à nos cours, présentez-les à votre formatrice.
Nous ajouterons les notions au-dessus des anciennes pour une meilleure visibilité.
Bonne révision!
- Prononciation mistakes
- Some phrasal verbs
- Future perfect continuous tense
- Lend vs Borrow
- Question tags
- Reported speech
- Get
- ‘THE’ with comparative adjectives
- Stative verbs
- Some nouns that are followed by prepositions
- The passive with the present continuous
- Verbs followed by ‘to + infinitive’ and need a direct object
Prononciation mistakes
We call these MINIMAL PAIRS, and there are a lot of them in English. For example:
ship / chip
wait / wet
bad / bed
free / three
they / day
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Some PHRASAL VERBS that are a little unusual
• Pass through somewhere = travel across somewhere that’s not your final destination
We passed through London on our way to France.
• Skirt around something = not talk directly about a topic
She skirted around the topic of money all night.
• Stem from something = be caused by
The problems all stem from the rising sea levels.
• Heap something up = put into a messy pile
She heaped logs up in the fire.
• Fizzle out = when something slowly ends
The party fizzled out around 2am.
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Future perfect continuous tense
We make the future perfect continuous tense with subject + will + have + been + verb+ing.
Its most common use is to say ‘how long’ up to a point in the future. We use it with ‘for + a time period’.
This is very similar to the way we use the past perfect continuous up to a point in the past and the present perfect continuous up to the present.
Let’s imagine that you have been at your job for 51 weeks and three days. Someone asks you ‘how long have you been working here?’. You don’t want to explain that it’s 51 weeks and three days, because that’s too complicated.
Instead, you say ‘on Friday, I will have been working here for one year’.
Here are some more examples :
– Next month, I will have been living here for eight years.
– At two o’clock, she will have been sleeping for twelve hours.
– On January the 2nd, people will have been using this building for six months.
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Two verbs that are easy to confuse : LEND vs BORROW
’Lend‘ and ‘borrow‘ have different verb patterns and it’s useful to practise them.
We use ‘lend’ when the subject is the person who gives the thing. The pattern is ‘lend something to someone’. We can also use ‘lend someone something’.
We use ‘borrow’ when the subject is the person who receives the thing. The pattern is ‘borrow something from someone’.
We usually use both of these in active sentences.
In this example, it’s my book. (I > the book > John.)
I’ll lend the book to John.
I’ll lend John the book.
John will borrow the book from me.
In this example, it’s Julie’s money. (Julie > some money > David.)
Julie lent some money to David.
Julie lent David some money.
David borrowed some money from Julie.
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QUESTION TAGS
Question tags use the same tense as the main sentence, but usually if the sentence is affirmative, the tag is negative and when the sentence is negative, the tag is affirmative.
We make the question tag using the subject from the sentence, but we always use a pronoun. So, if the subject is ‘Lucy’ we use ‘she’ and if the subject is ‘the children’, we use ‘they’.
In the present simple, we use do / don’t / does / doesn’t for every verb except ‘be’. With ‘be’ we use am / is / are / aren’t / isn’t.
Here are some examples:
You like tea, don’t you?
Lucy doesn’t live here, does she?
He is Swiss, isn’t he?
The children aren’t at home, are they?
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Let’s talk about REPORTED SPEECH
♦ Here’s an example of a reported statement.
Direct speech: « I love coffee ».
Reported speech: Kenny said that she loved coffee.
♦ We can also make reported questions or requests, when people politely ask us things.
Direct speech: « Where is the coffee? »
Reported speech: Kenny asked me where the coffee was.
But how about when someone doesn’t ask us something politely?
We call this an ‘order’ in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something.
♦ Here’s how we make reported orders. We use tell + object + to + infinitive.
Direct speech: « Be quiet! »
Reported speech: She told me to be quiet.
♦ With the negative, we add ‘not’ before ‘to’.
Direct speech: « Don’t talk! »
Reported speech: She told us not to talk.
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Let’s talk about ‘GET’
We can use subject + get + object + adjective to mean that the subject makes the object become the adjective.
- He got his clothes dirty (= he made his clothes become dirty)
- She is getting the report ready (= she is making the report become ready).
- Are you going to get the work finished on time? (= are you going to make the work become finished?)
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How we use ‘THE’ with comparative adjectives
We usually use superlative adjectives with ‘the’ (she is the most intelligent student). But we can also use two comparative adjectives with ‘the’ to show that one thing is linked to another thing.
This is very common with ‘better’.
– I like cakes! The bigger, the better. (= As the cake gets bigger, it gets better.)
– I hope it’s a short flight! The shorter, the better!
– A: Is the room too warm?
B: No, no. The warmer, the better!
We can also do this with comparatives with ‘more’.
She likes difficult puzzles. The more difficult, the better.
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Stative verbs (or state or non-continuous verbs)
- Stative verbs are verbs that we don’t use in continuous tenses (like the present continuous).
These verbs often describe states that last for some time, but it’s not always possible to know from the meaning if a verb is stative. We need to learn them.
A verb that isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb.
Here are some verbs that are usually stative. When we’re using these verbs to talk about the present, we need to use the present simple even in situations where normally we use the present continuous.
be: I am here now. (NOT: I am being here now.)
have: She doesn’t have a car. (NOT: She isn’t having a car.)
like: Do you like chocolate? (NOT: Are you liking chocolate?)
love: I love my children. (NOT: I am loving my children.)
know: He knows Julia. (NOT: He is knowing Julia.)
hate: They hate exams. (NOT: They are hating exams.)
dislike: He dislikes cats. (NOT: He is disliking cats.)
want: I don’t want a cup of coffee. (NOT: I’m not wanting a cup of coffee.)
need: We need something to eat. (NOT: We are needing something to eat.)
understand: He doesn’t understand the lesson. (NOT: He isn’t understanding the lesson.)
belong: Who does that bag belong to? (NOT: Who is that bag belonging to?)
mean: What does this word mean? (NOT: What is this word meaning?)
In modern, very informal English, you might sometimes hear some of these verbs in the present continuous, especially ‘like’ and ‘love’ when the speaker wants to emphasise that the feeling is happening now => This is not usually correct in written English.
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Some nouns that are followed by prepositions
• change in: There have been many changes in society.
• interest in: She has a great interest in music.
• place in: Let’s go to a lovely place in my hometown.
• reason for: What’s the reason for your visit?
• need for: We have no need for more politicians.
• knowledge of: His knowledge of history is amazing.
• visit to: They are planning a visit to the old town.
• problem with: Is there a problem with your flat?
• translation into: He asked for a translation into English.
• information about: Could I have some information about the castle, please?
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The passive with the present continuous.
As always, we make the passive by making the tense (in this case the present continuous) with the verb ‘be’ and then adding the past participle.
• Active: Someone is cleaning the office.
• Passive: The office is being cleaned.
• Active: Someone is calling you.
• Passive: You are being called.
If it’s important, we can add the person who does the verb after ‘by’ but it’s optional.
• Active: James is cleaning the office.
• Passive: The office is being cleaned by James.
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Verbs followed by ‘to + infinitive’ and need a direct object
For example:
✔️ She encouraged us to try the cake. (We need ‘us’.)
❌ NOT: She encouraged to try the cake.
Here are some verbs where we must have a direct object.
• Encourage: She encouraged us to try the cake.
• Persuade: She persuaded us to help.
• Remind: The teacher reminded us to bring our books.
• Teach: She is teaching the children to read.
• Tell: He told me to sit down.
With other verbs, we can have a direct object before ‘to + infinitive’ if we want, but it’s optional. Usually it depends on the meaning of the sentence if we use a direct object or not.
• She wants to go home.
• She wants the children to go home.
Here are some verbs where we can choose to have a direct object.
• Ask: We asked to leave. We asked him to leave.
• Expect: I expect to be late. I expect them to be late.
• Want: She wants to go home. She wants the children to go home.
• Would like: They would like to have something to eat. They would like you to have something to eat.
• Would love: I would love to drive. I would love you to drive.
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